Beliefs and attitudes about intimate partner violence against women in Spain
- Victoria A. Ferrer-Pérez 1
- Esperanza Bosch-Fiol 1
- Andrés Sánchez-Prada 2
- Carmen Delgado-Álvarez 2
-
1
Universitat de les Illes Balears
info
-
2
Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca
info
ISSN: 0214-9915, 1886-144X
Año de publicación: 2019
Volumen: 31
Número: 1
Páginas: 38-45
Tipo: Artículo
Otras publicaciones en: Psicothema
Resumen
Background: Some attitudes serve to justify violence against women, to blame women for the violence they experience, and to perpetuate levels of this violence. These attitudes often stem from traditional norms and beliefs which are important to identify. The purpose of this study is to compare beliefs about intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) between two time points, examining the effect of the respondents– sex and previous academic-training. Method: Two opportunity samples of undergraduates took part in this study: 1,392 in 2006 (34.4% men and 65.6% women) and 730 in 2018 (36.3% men and 63.7% women). A fourfactor model from the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts on Women and Violence (IPDMV) was used after assessing fi t through CFA. Results: Signifi cant differences between 2006 and 2018 in all factors were found using MANCOVA (covariable: age). Differences were also found by sex and previous academic-training, and effects of interaction in the fi rst factor between these variables and the time point. Conclusions: The beliefs and distorted thoughts about women and violence fell between the two time points analysed, with less acceptance of these beliefs among women and people with prior IPVAW academic-training
Información de financiación
This work has been financed by the Spanish State Research Agency (Agencia Española de Investigación, AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER) through the Research Project FEM2015-63912-P (AEI/FEDER, UE).Financiadores
Referencias bibliográficas
- Anderson, J. C., & Gerbig, D. W. (1984). The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory analysis. Psychometrika, 49, 155- 173. doi:10.1007/BF02294170
- Arnoso, A., Ibabe, I., Arnoso, M., & Elgorriaga, E. (2017). El sexismo como predictor de la violencia de pareja en un contexto multicultural [Sexism as predictor of intimate partner violence in a multicultural context]. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 27, 9-20. doi:10.1016/j.apj.2017.02.001
- Arrigoni, F., Jiménez, J. L., Navarro, J. I., & Mendoza, P. (2013). Aplicación de un programa terapéutico en hombres violentos con la pareja [An applied therapeutic program for men convicted of gender violence]. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 23, 3-9. doi:10.5093/aj2013a2
- Boira, S., & Jodrá, P. (2013). Tipología de hombres condenados por violencia de género en un contexto de intervención psicológica en la comunidad [Typology of men convicted of intimate partner violence in psychological treatment in a community setting]. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 45(2), 289-303. doi:10.14349/rlp.v45i2.806
- Boira, S., & Tomás, L. (2011). Características psicológicas y motivación para el cambio en hombres condenados por violencia contra la pareja [Psychological characteristics and motivation for change in men convicted of intimate partner violence]. International Journal of Psychological Research, 4(2), 48-56.
- Boira, S., López, Y., Tomás, L., & Gaspar, A. R. (2013). Intervención psicológica en la comunidad en hombres condenados por violencia de género [Efficacy of different treatment modalities in men convicted of intimate partner violence]. Anales de Psicología, 29(1), 19-28. doi:10.6018/analesps.29.1.130631
- Byrne, B. M. (2008). Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: A walk through the process. Psicothema, 20(4), 872-882.
- Byrne, B. M. (2009). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
- Byrne, B. M., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2017). The maximum likelihood alignment approach to testing for approximate measurement invariance: A paradigmatic cross-cultural application. Psicothema, 29(4), 539-551. doi:10.7334/psicothema2017.178
- Capaldi, D. M., Knoble, N. B., Shortt, J. W., & Kim, H. K. (2012). A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 231-280. doi:10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231
- Costelo, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
- Delgado, C., Estrada, B., & López, J. A. (2015. Gender and cultural effects on perception of psychological violence in the partner. Psicothema, 27(4), 381-387. doi:10.7334/psicothema2015.54
- Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y. T., García-Moreno, C., Petzold, M., Child, J. C., Felder, G., Lim, S., Bacchus, L. J., Engell, R. E., Rosenfeld, L., Pallito, C., Vos, T., Abrahams, N., & Watts, C. H. (2013). The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women. Science, 340, 1527-1528. doi:10.1126/science.1240937
- Echeburúa, E., & Fernández-Montalvo, J. (1997). Tratamiento cognitivo- conductual de hombres violentos en el hogar: un estudio piloto [Cognitive-behavioral treatment of violent men in the home: A pilot study]. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 23(89), 355-384.
- Echeburúa, E., & Fernández-Montalvo, J. (1998). Hombres maltratadores. Aspectos teóricos [Batterer men. Theoretical aspects]. In E. Echeburúa & P. Corral (Eds.), Manual de violencia familiar (pp. 73-90). Madrid: Siglo XXI.
- Echeburúa, E., & Fernández-Montalvo, J. (2009). Evaluación de un programa de tratamiento en prisión de hombres condenados por violencia grave contra la pareja [Evaluation of a prison treatment programme for men convicted of serious violence against partners]. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 9(1), 5-20.
- Echeburúa, E., Amor, P. J., Sarasua, B., Zubizarreta, I., & Holgado-Tello, F. P. (2016). Inventario de Pensamientos Distorsionados sobre la Mujer y el Uso de la Violencia Revisado (IPDMUV-R): propiedades psicométricas [Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and the Use of Violence-Revised (IPDMUV-R): Psychometric properties]. Anales de Psicología, 32(3), 837-846. doi:10.6018/analesps.32.3.231901
- Echeburúa, E., Fernández-Montalvo, J., & Amor, P. J. (2006). Psychological treatment of men convicted of gender violence. A pilot study in Spanish prisons. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 50(1), 57-70. doi:10.1177/0306624X05277662
- Echeburúa, E., Sarasua, B., Zubizarreta, I., & de Corral, P. (2009). Evaluación de la eficacia de un tratamiento cognitivo-conductual para hombres violentos contra la pareja en un marco comunitario: una experiencia de 10 años (1997-2007) [Evaluation of the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for men violent against their partner in a community setting: An experience of 10 years (1997-2007)]. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 9(2), 199- 217.
- Fernández-Montalvo, J., & Echeburúa, E. (2005). Hombres condenados por violencia grave contra la pareja: un estudio psicopatológico [Men convicted of serious violence against partners: A psychopathological study]. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 31(138), 451-475.
- Fernández-Montalvo, J., Echauri, J. A., Martínez, M., & Azcárate, J. M. (2012). Batterer men in prison and in court-referred treatment programmes: What is the difference? Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 315-322. doi:10.5209/rev_.2012.v15.n1.37338
- Fernández-Montalvo, J., Echauri, J. A., Martínez, M., & Azcárate, J. M. (2011). Violencia de género e inmigración: perfil diferencial de hombres maltratadores nacionales e inmigrantes [Gender violence and immigration: Differential profile of national and immigrant batterers]. Psicología Conductual/Behavioral Psychology, 19(2), 439-452.
- Ferrer, V. A., & Bosch, E. (2014). Gender violence as a social problem in Spain: Attitudes and acceptability. Sex Roles, 70(11-12), 506-521. doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0322-z
- Ferrer, V. A., Bosch, E., & Ramis, C. (2008). La formación de los/as profesionales de la salud para afrontar la violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja [How to train health professionals to deal with intimate partner violence against women]. Clínica y Salud, 19(1), 59-81.
- Ferrer, V. A., Bosch, E., Ramis, C., Torres, G., & Navarro, C. (2006). La violencia contra las mujeres en la pareja: creencias y actitudes en estudiantes universitarios [Violence against women in relationships: Beliefs and attitudes in university students]. Psicothema, 18(3), 359- 366.
- Flood, M., & Pease, B. (2009). Factors influencing attitudes to violence against women. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 10, 125-142. doi:10.1177/1524838009334131
- Forero, C. G., Maydeu, A., & Gallardo, D. (2009). Factor analysis with ordinal indicators: A Monte Carlo study comparing DWLS and ULS estimation. Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(4), 625-641. doi:10.1080/10705510903203573
- FRA (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights) (2015). Violence against women: An EU-wide survey. Main results. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
- García, J. G., Sánchez-Meca, J., & Godoy, C. (2013). Distorsiones cognitivas respecto a la violencia de género en presos [Cognitive distortions regarding gender-based violence in prisoners]. In F. Expósito, I. Valor- Segura, M. Vilariño & A. Palmer (Eds.), Psicología jurídica aplicada a los problemas sociales (pp. 89-96). Santiago de Compostela: Sociedad Española de Psicología Jurídica y Forense.
- García-Vega, E., Rico, R., & Fernández, P. (2017). Sex, gender roles and sexual attitudes in university students. Psicothema, 29(2), 178-183. doi:10.7334/psicothema2015.338
- Gracia, E., & Lila, M. (2015). Attitudes towards violence against women in the EU. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
- Gracia, E., & Tomás, J. M. (2014). Correlates of victim-blaming attitudes regarding partner violence against women among the Spanish general population. Violence Against Women, 20(1) 26-41. doi:10.1177/1077801213520577
- Gracia, E., García, F., & Lila, M. (2014). Male police officers’ law enforcement preferences in cases of intimate partner violence versus non-intimate interpersonal violence: Do sexist attitudes and empathy matter? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(10), 1195-1213. doi:10.1177/0093854814541655
- Gracia, E., Rodríguez, C. M., & Lila, M. (2015). Preliminary evaluation of an analogue procedure to assess acceptability of intimate partner violence against women: The Partner Violence Acceptability Movie Task. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1567. doi:10.3389/ fpsyg.2015.01567
- Guerrero, M., Moreno, J. M., Guerrero, E., & Cruz, B. (2016). Pensamientos distorsionados y atribución de responsabilidad en condenados por violencia de género [Distorted thoughts and attribution of responsibility among convicts for gender violence]. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 24(2), 207-220.
- Heise, L. L. (1998). Violence against women: An integrated, ecological framework. Violence Against Women, 4(3), 262-90. doi:10.1177/1077801298004003002
- Heise, L. L., & Kotsadam, A. (2015). Cross-national and multilevel correlates of partner violence: An analysis of data from population based surveys. Lancet Global Health, 3, e332-340. doi:10.1016/S2214109X(15)00013-3
- Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
- Jewkes, R., Flood, M., & Lang, J. (2015). From work with men and boys to changes of social norms and reduction of inequities in gender relations: A conceptual shift in prevention of violence against women and girls. The Lancet, 385(9977), 1580-1589. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61683-4
- Llor, B., García, J. J., Ruiz, J. A., & Godoy, C. (2016). Profi le of partner aggressors as a function of risk of recidivism. International Journal of Clinical & Health Psychology, 16(1), 39-46. doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.05.004
- Loinaz, I. (2014a). Distorsiones cognitivas en agresores de pareja: análisis de una herramienta de evaluación [Cognitive distortions among partnerviolent men: Analyzing an assessment tool]. Terapia Psicológica, 32(1), 5-17. doi:10.4067/S0718-48082014000100001
- Loinaz, I. (2014b). Typologies, risk and recidivism in partner-violent men with the B-SAFER: A pilot study. Psychology, Crime & Law, 20(2), 183-198. doi:10.1080/1068316X.2013.770854
- Loinaz, I., Echeburúa, E., & Torrubia, R. (2010). Tipología de agresores contra la pareja en prisión [Typology of aggressors against the intimate partner in prison]. Psicothema, 22(1), 106-111.
- Loinaz, I., Ortiz, M., Sánchez, L. M., & Ferragut, M. (2011). Clasifi cación multiaxial de agresores de pareja en centros penitenciarios [Multi-axial classification of partner aggressors in prisons]. International Journal of Clinical & Health Psychology, 11(2), 249-268.
- Martínez, M., & Pérez, M. (2009). Evaluación de un programa de tratamiento con maltratadores encarcelados [Evaluation of a treatment program with incarcerated batterers]. Boletín Criminológico, 115, 1-4.
- Mc Donald, R. P. (1982). Linear versus nonlinear models in item response theory. Applied Psychological Measurement, 6, 379-396. doi:10.1177/014662168200600402
- Morata, M. A., Holgado, F. P., Barbero, I., & Méndez, G. (2015). Análisis factorial confirmatorio. Recomendaciones sobre mínimos cuadrados no ponderados en función del error tipo I, de ji cuadrado y RMSEA [Confirmatory factor analysis. Recommendations for unweighted least squares method related to Chi-Square and RMSEA]. Acción Psicológica, 12(1), 79-90. doi:10.5944/ap.12.1.14362
- Muliak, S. A., James, L. R., Van Alstine, J., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C. D. (1989). Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 5(3), 430-455.
- Puente, A., Ubillos, S., Echeburúa, E., & Paez, D. (2016). Risk factors associated with the violence against women in couples: A review of meta-analysis and recent studies. Anales de Psicología, 32(1), 295-306. doi:10.6018/analesps.32.1.189161
- Rodríguez-Espartal, N., & López-Zafra, E. (2013). Programa emocional para presos por violencia de género (PREMOVIGE): efi cacia en variables cognitivas y conductuales [Emotional program for inmates imprisoned for gender violence (PREMOVIGE): Effectiveness in cognitive and behavioral variables]. Psychosocial Intervention, 22(2), 115-124. doi:10.5093/in2013a14
- Ruiz, J. A., García, J. L., Llor, B., & Godoy, C. (2015). Risk factors for intimate partner violence in prison inmates. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 7(1), 41-49. doi:10.1016/j.ejpal.2014.11.003
- Ruiz, S., & Expósito, F. (2008a). Intervención específica con internos condenados por delito de violencia de género [Specific intervention with inmates convicted of gender-based violence]. In F. J. Rodríguez, C. Bringas, F. Fariña, R. Arce & A. Bernardo (Eds.), Psicología jurídica. Entorno judicial y delincuencia (pp. 389-397). Oviedo: Ediciones de la Universidad de Oviedo.
- Ruiz, S., & Expósito, F. (2008b). Intervención con hombres en suspensión condicional de condena por violencia de género [Intervention with paroled men convicted for couple violence]. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 18, 81-89.
- Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
- Stockl, H., Devries, K., Rotstein, A., Abrahams, N., Campbell, J., Watts, C., & García-Moreno, C. (2013). The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: A systematic review. The Lancet, 382, 859-865. doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(13)61030-2
- Suárez-Álvarez, J., Pedrosa, I., Lozano, L. M., García-Cueto, E., Cuesta, M., & Muñiz, J. (2018). Using reversed items in Likert scales: A questionable practice. Psicothema, 30(2), 149-158. doi:10.7334/psicothema2018.33
- Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th Ed.). Boston: Pearson.
- Torres, E., & López-Zafra, E. (2010). Diferencias en cultura del honor, inteligencia emocional y pensamientos distorsionados sobre las mujeres en reclusos y no reclusos [Differences in culture of honor, emotional intelligence and distorted thoughts about women in inmates and nonprisoners]. Boletín de Psicología, 100, 71-88.
- Trigo, M. E., & Martínez, R. J. (2016). Generalized ETA square for multiple comparisons on between-groups designs. Psicothema, 28(3), 340-345. doi:10.7334/psicothema2015.124
- Ubillos, S., Goiburu, E., Puente, A., Pizarro, J. P., & Echeburúa, E. (2017). Assessment of distorted thoughts about women and violence of Basquespeaking secondary school students. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 22(1), 1-8. doi:10.1387/RevPsicodidact.16124
- Villegas, G., González, N., Sánchez-García, A. B., Sánchez, M., & GalindoVillardón, M.P. (2018). Seven methods to determine the dimensionality of tests: Application to the General Self-Effi cacy Scale in twenty-six countries. Psicothema, 30(4), 442-448. doi:10.7334/psicothema2018.113
- Wang, L. (2016). Factors influencing attitude toward intimate partner violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 29, 72-78. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2016.06.005
- WHO (World Health Organization) (2012). Understanding and addressing violence against women: Overview (WHO/RHR/12.35). Retrieved from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77433/WHO_ RHR_12.35_eng.pdf?sequence=1
- World Health Organization/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (2010). Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence. Geneva: World Health Organization.