La soledad y el aislamiento social en las personas mayores

  1. Vicente Arruebarrena, Aitor 1
  2. Sánchez Cabaco, Antonio 1
  1. 1 Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca
    info

    Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca

    Salamanca, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02jj93564

Revista:
Studia Zamorensia

ISSN: 0214-736X

Año de publicación: 2020

Número: 19

Páginas: 15-32

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Studia Zamorensia

Resumen

El aislamiento social se define como una ausencia objetiva de relaciones/contactos sociales y la soledad como la experiencia subjetiva aversiva que se siente al valorar esas relaciones/contactos sociales como insuficiente en cantidad y/o calidad. Existen variables que pueden predecir su aparición, tanto en el entorno como en la propia persona, del mismo modo que soledad y aislamiento social pueden predecir otros fenómenos. Las personas que las sufren pueden padecer consecuencias como depresión, demencia, problemas cardiovasculares o mortalidad. Por ello, es importante conocer bien este complejo fenómeno y elaborar intervenciones eficaces que ayuden a prevenirlo y/o afrontarlo.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • ABELLÁN GARCÍA, Antonio; ACEITUNO NIETO, Pilar; PÉREZ DÍAZ, Julio; RAMIRO FARIÑAS, Diego; AYALA GARCÍA, Alba; PUJOL RODRÍGUEZ, Rogelio. Un perfil de las personas mayores en España, 2019. Indicadores estadísticos básicos. Madrid: Informes Envejecimiento en Red, 2019.
  • ABELLÁN GARCÍA, Antonio; AYALA GARCÍA, Alba; PUJOL RODRÍGUEZ, Rogelio. Un perfil de las personas mayores en España, 2017. Indicadores estadísticos básicos. Madrid: Informes Envejecimiento en Red, 2017.
  • ALGREN, Maria Holst; EKHOLM, Ola; NIELSEN, Line; ERSBØLL, Annette Kjaer; BAK, Carsten Kronborg; ANDERSEN, Pernille Teanggard. ”Social isolation, loneliness, socioeconomic status, and health-risk behaviour in deprived neighbourhoods in Denmark: A cross-sectional study”. SSM – Population Health, 2020, vol. 10, article nº 100546.
  • BELLER, Johannes; WAGNER, Adina. “Disentangling Loneliness: Differential Effects of Subjective Loneliness, Network Quality, Network Size, and Living Alone on Physical, Mental, and Cognitive Health”. Journal of Aging and Health, 2017, vol. 30, nº 4, p. 521-539.
  • BERMEJO HIGUERA, José Carlos. “La Soledad en los mayores”. Ars Medica. Revista de Ciencias Médicas, 2005, vol. 13, nº 3, p. 126-144.
  • BOSS, Lisa; KANG, Duck-Hee; BRANSON, Sandy. 2015. “Loneliness and cognitive function in the older adult: a systematic review”. International Psychogeriatrics, 2015, vol. 27, nº 4, p. 541-553.
  • BRUCE, Liana DesHarnais; WU, Joshua S.; LUSTIG, Stuart L.; RUSSELL, Daniel W.; NEMECEK, Douglas A. “Loneliness in the United States: A 2018 National Panel Survey of Demographic, Structural, Cognitive, and Behavioral Characteristics”. American Journal of Health Promotion, 2019, vol. 1, nº 11, p. 1123-1133.
  • CACIOPPO, John T.; HAWKLEY, Louise C. “Perceived social isolation and cognition”.Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2009, vol. 13, nº 10, p. 447-454.
  • CACIOPPO, Stephanie; CAPITANIO, John P.; CACIOPPO, John T. “Toward a neurology of loneliness”. PsychologicalBulletin, 2014, vol. 140, nº 6, p. 1464-1504.
  • CHEUNG, Gary; WRIGHT-ST CLAIR, Valerie; CHACKO, Emme; BARAK, Yoram. “Financial difficulty and biopsychosocial predictors of loneliness: A cross-sectional study of community dwelling older adults”. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2019, vol. 85, doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.103935.
  • COHEN-MANSFIELD, Jiska; HAZAN, Haim; LERMAN, Yaffa; SHALOM, Vera. “Correlates and predictors of loneliness in older-adults: a review of quantitative results informed by qualitative insights”. International Psychogeriatrics, 2016, vol. 28, nº 4, p. 557-576.
  • COURTIN, Emile ; KNAPP, Martin. “Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: A scoping review”. Health & Social Care in the Community, 2017, vol. 25, nº 3, p. 799-812.
  • DE JONG GIERVELD, Jenny; VAN TILBURG, Theo. “The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys”. European Journal of Ageing, 2010, vol. 7, nº 2, p. 121-130.
  • DE JONG-GIERVELD, Jenny. “Developing and testing a model of loneliness”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1987, vol. 53, nº 1, p. 119-128.
  • DEL BARRIO, Élena; CASTEJÓN, Penélope; SANCHO CASTIELLO, Mayte; TORTOSA, María Ángeles, SUNDSTRÖM, Gerdt; MALMBERG, Bo. “La soledad de las personas mayores en España y Suecia: contexto y cultura”. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 2010, vol. 45, nº 4, p. 189-195.
  • DICKENS, Andy P.; RICHARDS, Suzanne H.; GREAVES, Colin J.; CAMPBELL, John L. “Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review”. BMC Public Health, 2011, vol. 11, nº 1, artículo nº 647.
  • DÍEZ NICOLÁS, Juan; MORENOS PÁEZ, María. La Soledad en España. Madrid: Fundación ONCE-Fundación AXA, 2015.
  • DÜZEL, Sandra; DREWELIES, Johanna; GERSTORF, Denis; DEMUTH, Ilja STEINHAGEN-THIESSEN, Elisabeth; LINDENBERGER, Ulman; KÜHN, Simone. “Structural Brain Correlates of Loneliness among Older Adults”. Scientific Reports, 2019, vol. 9, artículo nº 13569.
  • EVANS, Isobel E.M.; LLEWELLYN, David J.; MATTHEWS, Fiona E.; WOODS, Robert T; BRAYNE, Carol; CLARE, Linda. “Social Isolation, Cognitive Reserve, and Cognition in Healthy Older People”. PLoS ONE, 2018, vol. 13, nº 8, doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201008.
  • EVANS, Isobel E.M.; LLEWELLYN, David J.; MATTHEWS, Fiona Elaine; WOODS, Robert T.; BRAYNE, Carol y CLARE, Linda. “Living alone and cognitive function in later life”. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics, 2019, vol. 81, p. 222-233.
  • EVANS, Isobel E.M.; MARTYR, Anthony; COLLINS, Rachel; BRAYNE, Carol; CLARE, Linda. “Social Isolation and Cognitive Function in Later Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2019, vol. 70, nº s1, p. S119-S144.
  • FREEDMAN, Amy; NICOLLE, Jennifer. “Social isolation and loneliness: the new geriatric giants: Approach for primary care”. Canadian Family Physician, 2020, vol. 66, nº 3, p. 176-182.
  • GRIFFIN, Sarah C.; WILLIAMS, Allison Baylor: MLADEN, Samantha N.; PERRIN, Paul B.; DZIERZEWSKI, Joseph M.; RYBARCZYK, Bruce D. 2019. “Reciprocal Effects Between Loneliness and Sleep Disturbance in Older Americans”. Journal of Aging and Health, 2019; doi: 10.1177/0898264319894486.
  • HOLT-LUNSTAD, Julianne; SMITH, Timothy B.; BAKER, Mark; HARRIS, Tyler; STEPHENSON, David. “Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review”. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2015, vol. 10, nº 2, p. 227-237.
  • HOLWERDA, Tjalling Jan; DEEG, Dorly J.H.; BEEKMAN, Aartjan T.F.; VAN TILBURG, Theo G.; STEK, Max L.; JONKER, Cees; SCHOEVERS, Robert A. “Feelings of loneliness, but not social isolation, predict dementia onset: results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL)”. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 2014, vol. 85, nº 2, p. 135-142.
  • INSTITUTO NACIONAL de ESTADÍSTICA. Encuesta continua de hogares 2018. Madrid: INE, 2019.
  • JAMIESON, Hamish A.; GIBSON, Helen M.; ABEY-NESBIT, Rebecca; AHURIRI-DRISCOLL, Annabel; KEELING, Sally; SCHLUTER, Philip J. “Profile of ethnicity, living arrangements and loneliness amongst older adults in Aotearoa, New Zealand: A national cross-sectional study”. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 2018, vol. 37, nº 1, p. 68-73.
  • KEMPERMAN, Astrid; VAN DEN BERG, Pauline; WEIJS-PERRÉE, Minou; UIJTDEWILLEGEN, Kevin. “Loneliness of Older Adults: Social Network and the Living Environment”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019, vol. 16, nº 3, artículo nº 406.
  • KOBAYASHI, Lindsay C.; STEPTOE, Andrew. 2018. “Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Health Behaviors at Older Ages: Longitudinal Cohort Study”. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2018, vol. 52, nº 7, p. 582-593.
  • KUIPER, Jisca S.; ZUIDERSMA, Marij; OUDE VOSHAAR, Richard C.; ZUIDEMA, Sytse; VAN DEN HEUVEL, Edwin R.; STOLK, Ronald P.; SMIDT, Nynke. 2015. “Social relationships and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies”. Ageing research reviews, 2015, vol. 22, p. 39-57.
  • KUIPER, Jisca S.; ZUIDERSMA, Marij; ZUIDEMA, Sytse U.; BURGERHOF, Johannes Gm.; STOLK, Ronald P.; OUDE VOSHAAR, Richard C.; SMIDT, Nynke. “Social relationships and cognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies”. International Journal of Epidemiology, 2016, vol. 45, nº 4, p. 1169-1206.
  • LARA, Elvira; MARTÍN-MARÍA, Natalia; DE LA TORRE-LUQUE, Alejandro; KOYANAGI, Ai; VANCAMPFORT, Davy; IZQUIERDO, Ana; MIRET, Marta. “Does loneliness contribute to mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies”. Ageing Research Reviews, 2019, vol. 52, p. 7-16.
  • LEIGH-HUNT, Nicholas; BAGGULEY, David; BASH, Kristin; TURNER, Victoria; TURNBULL, Stephen; VALTORTA, Nicole K.; CAAN, Woody. “An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness”. Public Health (Elsevier), 2017, vol. 152, p. 157-171.
  • LINDSAY SMITH, Gabrielle; BANTING, Lauren; EIME, Rochelle; O’ SULLIVAN, Grant; VAN UFFELEN, Jannique G.Z. “The association between social support and physical activity in older adults: A systematic review”. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2017, vol. 14, nº 1, artículo nº 56.
  • LITWIN, Howard; LEVINSKY, Michal. “Always alone? Network transitions among detached older Europeans and their effects.” Ageing & Society, 2020, p. 1-15.
  • LÓPEZ DOBLAS, Juan. Personas mayores viviendo solas: la autonomía como valor en alza. Madrid: IMSERSO, 2005.
  • LORENTE, Raquel. La Soledad en la Vejez: Análisis y evaluación de un programa de intervención en personas mayores que viven solas. Tesis doctoral inédita, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 2017
  • LUCHETTI, Martina; TERRACCIANO, Antonio; ASCHWANDEN, Damaris; LEE, Ji H.; STEPHAN, Yannick; SUTIN, Angelina R. “Loneliness is associated with risk of cognitive impairment in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe”. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2020, vol. 35, nº 7, p. 794-801.
  • MCHUGH POWER, Joanna E.; STEPTOE, Andrew; KEE, Frank; LAWLOR, Brian A. “Loneliness and social engagement in older adults: A bivariate dual change score analysis”. Psychology and Aging, 2019, vol. 34, nº 1, p. 152-162.
  • MENEC, Verena H.; NEWALL, Nancy E.; MACKENZIE, Corey S.; SHOOSHTARI, Shahin; NOWICKI, Scott. “Examining individual and geographic factors associated with social isolation and loneliness using Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) data”. PLoS ONE, 2019, vol. 14, nº 2, p. 1-18.
  • MENEC, Verena H.; NEWALL, Nancy E.; MACKENZIE, Corey S.; SHOOSHTARI, Shahin; NOWICKI, Scott 2020. “Examining social isolation and loneliness in combination in relation to social support and psychological distress using Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging (CLSA) data”. PLoS ONE, 2020, vol. 15, nº 3, doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230673.
  • MONTOLIÚ, Teresa; HIDALGO, Vanesa; SALVADOR, Alicia. “The relationship between loneliness and cognition in healthy older men and women: The role of cortisol”. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2019, vol. 107, p. 270-279.
  • NEWALL, Nancy E.G.; MENEC, Verena H. “Loneliness and social isolation of older adults: Why it is important to examine these social aspects together”. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2019, vol. 36, nº 3, p. 925-939.
  • NICHOLSON, Nicholas R. “Social isolation in older adults: an evolutionary concept analysis”. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2009, vol. 65, nº 6, p. 1342-1352; NICHOLSON, Nicholas R. “A review of social isolation: an important but underassessed condition in older adults”. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 2012, vol. 33, nº 2-3, p. 137-152.
  • ORTIZ-OSPINA, Esteban y ROSER, Max. Loneliness and Social Connections. Our World in Data [en línea]. Disponible en: https://ourworldindata.org/social-connections-and-loneliness. Consultado el 14 de abril de 2020.
  • PALMER, Barton W. “The effects of loneliness and social isolation on cognitive functioning in older adults: A need for nuanced assessments”. International Psychogeriatrics, 2019, vol. 31, nº 4, p. 447-449.
  • PENNINKILAMPI, Ross; CASEY, Anne-Nicole; FIATARONE SINGH, Maria y BRODATY, Henry. “The Association between Social Engagement, Loneliness, and Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2018, vol. 66, nº 4, p. 1619-1633.
  • PERISSINOTTO, Carla M.; COVINSKY, Kevin E. “Living Alone, Socially Isolated or Lonely—What are We Measuring?”. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2014, vol. 29, nº 11, p. 1429-1431.
  • PERISSINOTTO, Carla; HOLT-LUNSTAD, Julianne; PERIYAKOIL, Vyjeyanthi S.; COVINSKY, Ken. “A Practical Approach to Assessing and Mitigating Loneliness and Isolation in Older Adults”. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2019, vol. 67, nº 4, p. 657-662.
  • PINQUART, Martin; SORENSEN, Silvia. “Influences on Loneliness in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis”. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2001, vol. 23, nº 4, p. 245-266.
  • RICO-URIBE, Laura Alejandra; CABALLERO, Francisco Félix; MARTÍN-MARÍA, Natalia; CABELLO, María; AYUSO-MATEOS, José Luis; MIRET, Marta. “Association of loneliness with all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis”. PLoS ONE, 2018, vol. 13, nº 1, e0190033.
  • ROCHA-VIEIRA, Catarina; OLIVEIRA, Gustavo; COUTO, Luciana; SANTOS, Paulo. “Impact of loneliness in the elderly in health care: a cross-sectional study in an urban region of Portugal”. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, 2019, vol. 21, nº 2, p. 138-143.
  • RUBIO HERRERA, Ramona. La soledad en las personas mayores españolas. Madrid, Portal Mayores, 2004; RUBIO HERRERA, Ramona. “La problemática de la soledad en los mayores”. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 2007, vol. 1, nº 2, p. 11-27.
  • RUBIO, Ramona; ALEIXANDRE, Manuel. “Un estudio sobre la soledad en las personas mayores: entre el estar solo y el sentirse solo”. Revista Multidisciplinar de Gerontología, 2001, vol.11, no.1 p. 23–28.
  • SCHREMPFT, Stephanie; JACKOWSKA, Marta: HAMER, Mark; STEPTOE, Andrew. “Associations between social isolation, loneliness, and objective physical activity in older men and women”. BMC Public Health, 2019, vol. 19, nº 1, artículo nº 74.
  • SHIOVITZ-EZRA, Sharon; PARAG, Ohad. “Does loneliness «get under the skin»? Associations of loneliness with subsequent change in inflammatory and metabolic markers”. Aging& Mental Health, 2019, vol. 23, nº 10, p. 1358-1366.
  • SHOR, Eran; ROELFS, David J. “Social contact frequency and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis and meta-regression”. Social Science & Medicine, 2015, vol. 128, p. 76-86.
  • SMITH, Kimberley J.; VICTOR, Christina. “Typologies of loneliness, living alone and social isolation, and their associations with physical and mental health”. Ageing & Society, 2019, vol. 39, nº 8, p. 1709-1730.
  • STEPTOE, Andrew; OWEN, Natalie; KUNZ-EBRECHT, Sabine R.; BRYDON, Lena. “Loneliness and neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and inflammatory stress responses in middle-aged men and women”. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2004, vol. 29, nº 5, p. 593-611.
  • STERN, Yaakov. “Cognitive reserve”. Neuropsychologia, 2009, vol. 47, nº 10, p. 2015-2028.
  • SUNDSTRÖM, Gerdt; FRANSSON, Eleonor I.; MALMBERG, Bo y DAVEY, Adam. “Loneliness among older Europeans”. European Journal of Ageing, 2009, vol. 6, nº 4, p. 267-275.
  • TABUE TEGUO, Maturin; SIMO-TABUE, Nadine; STOYKOVA, Ralitsa; MEILLON, Céline; COGNE, Mélanie; AMIÉVA, Hélène; DARTIGUES, Jean-Françoise. “Feelings of loneliness and living alone as predictors of mortality in the elderly: the PAQUID study”. Psychosomatic Medicine, 2016, vol. 78, nº 8, p. 904-909; PINQUART y SORENSEN, op. cit.
  • TAYLOR, H.O. “Social Isolation’s Influence on Loneliness Among Older Adults”. Clinical Social Work Journal, 2019, vol. 48, nº 1, p. 140-151.
  • TZOUVARA, Vasiliki; PAPADOPOULOS, Chris; RANDHAWA, Gurch. “A narrative review of the theoretical foundations of loneliness”. British Journal of Community Nursing, 2015, vol. 20, nº 7, p. 329-334.
  • VALTORTA, Nicole K.; KANAAN, Mona; GILBODY Simon; HANRATTY, Barbara. “Loneliness, social isolation and social relationships: what are we measuring? A novel framework for classifying and comparing tools”. BMJ open, 2016, vol. 6, nº 4, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010799.
  • VALTORTA, Nicole K.; KANAAN, Mona; GILBODY, Simon; HANRATTY, Barbara. “Loneliness, social isolation and risk of cardiovascular disease in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing”. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2018, vol. 25, nº 13, p. 1387-1396.
  • VALTORTA, Nicole K.; KANAAN, Mona; GILBODY, Simon; RONZI, Sara; HANRATTY, Barbara. “Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies”. Heart, 2016, vol. 102, nº 13, p. 1009-1016.
  • VALTORTA, Nicole K.; MOORE, Danielle Collingridge; BARRON, Lynn; STOW, Daniel y HANRATTY, Barbara. “Older Adult’s Social Relationships and Health Care Utilization: A Systematic Review”. American Journal of Public Health, 2018, vol. 108, nº 4, p. e1-e10.
  • VICTOR, Christina R.; PIKHARTOVA, Jitka. “Lonely places or lonely people? Investigating the relationship between loneliness and place of residence”. BMC Public Health, 2020, vol. 20, nº 1.
  • VICTOR, Christina; SCAMBLER, Sasha; BOND, John; BOWLING, Ann. “Being alone in later life: loneliness, social isolation and living alone”. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 2000, vol. 10, nº 4, p. 407-417.
  • VON SOESt, Tilmann; LUHMANN, Maike; HANSEN, Thomas; GERSTORF, Denis. ”Development of loneliness in midlife and old age: Its nature and correlates”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2020, vol. 118, nº 2, p. 388-406.
  • WALKER, Emma; PLOUBIDIS, George; FANCOURT, Daisy. “Social engagement and loneliness are differentially associated with neuro-immune markers in older age: Time-varying associations from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing”. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 2019, vol. 82, p. 224-229.
  • WARD, Mark; KENNY, Rose Anne; LAYTE, Richard. Loneliness, social isolation, and their discordance among older adults. Findings from The Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (TILDA). The Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing, 2019. Disponible en: http://www.tara.tcd.ie/handle/2262/89853.
  • WILSON, Stephanie J.; WOODY, Alex; PADIN, Avelina C.; LIN, Jue; MALARKEY, William B.; KIECOLT-GLASER, Janice K. “Loneliness and Telomere Length: Immune and Parasympathetic Function in Associations With Accelerated Aging”. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2019, vol. 53, nº 6, p. 541-550.
  • YANG, Yang Claire; BOEN, Courtney; GERKEN, Karen; LI, Ting, SCHORPP, Kristen; HARRIS, Kathleen Mullan. “Social relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2016, vol. 113, nº 3, p. 578-583.
  • YANG, Yang Claire; LI, Ting; JI, Yinchun. “Impact of social integration on metabolic functions: evidence from a nationally representative longitudinal study of US older adults”. BMC PublicHealth, 2013, vol. 13, nº 1, artículo nº 1210.
  • YU, Bin; STEPTOE, Andrew; NIU, Kaijun; KU, Po-Wen; CHEN, Li-Jung. “Prospective associations of social isolation and loneliness with poor sleep quality in older adults”. Quality of Life Research, 2018, vol. 27, nº 3, p. 683-691.